This is what a teacher gave me few years ago.
Expressing Cause:
- Since (informal)
- As (informal)
- Due to the fact that /Due to (formal)
- Owing to the fact that/ Owing to (formal)
Expressing Consequence:
- Therefore (formal)
- Consequenly (formal)
- Hence (formal)
- And that's why (informal)
- Accordingly (formal)
Expressing Contrast:
- Yet (neutral)
- However (neutral)
- Mind you (informal)
- In contrast (formal)
- Although (neutral)
- (Even) though (neutral)
- Much as (neutral)
- In spite of the fact that/ In spite of (neutral)
- Despite the fact that/ Despite
Additional information:
- Furthemore (formal)
- In addition (formal)
- Moreover (formal)
- On top of that (informal)
- Besides this/ Besides the fact that (neutral)
- As well as that (neutral)
- Not only...but (also) (neutral)
mardi 26 avril 2011
vendredi 15 avril 2011
gnuplut Oblique
This is documented, albeit obscurely, in "help set term postscript":
In addition to the standard postscript fonts, an oblique version of the
Symbol font, useful for mathematics, is defined. It is called
"Symbol-Oblique".
In addition to the standard postscript fonts, an oblique version of the
Symbol font, useful for mathematics, is defined. It is called
"Symbol-Oblique".
mardi 12 avril 2011
to do
1．动词+介词to+动名词
⑴ admit to doing sth 承认做了某事
⑵ apply to doing sth 适用于做某事
⑶ object to doing sth 反对做某事
⑷ see to doing sth 负责做某事
⑸ stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
⑹ take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事
2．动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
⑴ apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事
⑵ devote sth to doing sth 把……献给做某事
⑶ devote oneself to doing sth 献身于做某事
⑷ limit sth to doing 把……限制在某事的范围内
⑸ reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
3．动词+名词+介词to+动名词
⑴ give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事
⑵ give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事
⑶ have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事
⑷ have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事
⑸ have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事
⑹ pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
⑺ set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事
4．be+形容词+介词to+动名词
⑴ be equal to doing sth 等于做某事, 能胜任做某事
⑵ be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
⑶ be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
⑷ be reduced to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
⑸ be devoted to doing sth 把时间（钱、精力等）献给做某事
⑹ be limited to doing sth 把……限制在做某事的范围内
5．其他结构+介词to+动名词
⑴ get down to doing sth 开始做某事,认真处理某事
⑵ look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
⑶ what do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事如何?
⑴ admit to doing sth 承认做了某事
⑵ apply to doing sth 适用于做某事
⑶ object to doing sth 反对做某事
⑷ see to doing sth 负责做某事
⑸ stick to doing sth 坚持做某事
⑹ take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事
2．动词+宾语+介词to+动名词
⑴ apply oneself to doing sth 专心致力于做某事
⑵ devote sth to doing sth 把……献给做某事
⑶ devote oneself to doing sth 献身于做某事
⑷ limit sth to doing 把……限制在某事的范围内
⑸ reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
3．动词+名词+介词to+动名词
⑴ give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事
⑵ give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事
⑶ have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事
⑷ have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事
⑸ have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事
⑹ pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事
⑺ set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事
4．be+形容词+介词to+动名词
⑴ be equal to doing sth 等于做某事, 能胜任做某事
⑵ be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
⑶ be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事
⑷ be reduced to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事
⑸ be devoted to doing sth 把时间（钱、精力等）献给做某事
⑹ be limited to doing sth 把……限制在做某事的范围内
5．其他结构+介词to+动名词
⑴ get down to doing sth 开始做某事,认真处理某事
⑵ look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事
⑶ what do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事如何?
latex symbol
\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{LDA measuring locations and their symbols}
\label{tab:}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline
$s^*$ & 0.21 & 0.31 & 0.41 & 0.50 & 0.60 & 0.70 & 0.80 & 0.90 & 0.99 \\ \hline
$x/c_a$& 0.21 & 0.31 & 0.41 & 0.50 & 0.60 & 0.70 & 0.80 & 0.90 & 0.99 \\ \hline
Symbol-EXP & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bullet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
Symbol-CFD & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bullet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
% Symbol & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bollet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
\centering
\caption{LDA measuring locations and their symbols}
\label{tab:}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline
$s^*$ & 0.21 & 0.31 & 0.41 & 0.50 & 0.60 & 0.70 & 0.80 & 0.90 & 0.99 \\ \hline
$x/c_a$& 0.21 & 0.31 & 0.41 & 0.50 & 0.60 & 0.70 & 0.80 & 0.90 & 0.99 \\ \hline
Symbol-EXP & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bullet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
Symbol-CFD & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bullet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
% Symbol & $\boxdot$ & $\blacksquare$ &$\odot$ & $\bollet$ & $\vartriangle$&$\blacktriangle$&$\triangledown$ & $\blacktriangledown$ & $\Diamond$\\ \hline
gnuplot infinity
dvipdf -dMaxSubsetPct=100 -dSubsetFonts=true -dEmbedAllFonts=true -dPDFSETTINGS=/printer midspan.dvi
dimanche 10 avril 2011
英语中副词的位置
副词是英语中用法比较灵活的一类词，主要用来修饰动词、形容词或另一类副词。不同的副词在句子中的位置是不同的。以下就笔者所见作一小结。
1．时间副词（now，then，recently，soon， just now，right away，etc．）可以放在整个句子或从句之前或后，并通常放在句末。其中 then，recently可以放在动词之前；still常放在动词之前或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后；而yet常放于句末，并且句子常用否定形式。例如：
I'll then turn to my classmates for help．
When all the students finished the morning exercise，he was still asleep．
We haven't finished the work yet．
2．地点副词（here，there，down，anywhere，everywhere，inside，etc．）和方式副词（well，quickly，kindly，etc．）常放在宾语之后，或不及物动词之后。其中here，there，up，down等副词与不及物动词go，come，stand，walk， lie等词连用时，副词可置于句首。如句子主语是名词或名词短语时，句子需用完全倒装语序。例如：
There stands the tower．
Down came the rain．
We looked for the lost wallet here and there，but in vain．
3．程度副词（very，quite，almost，fairly， nearly，just，extremely，hardly，etc．）常放在被修饰词之前，但当very修饰动词时，常与 much连用并置于句末。例如：
I like her very much．
With one false movement，he nearly loses the whole game．
4．频度副词（ever，never，often，always， seldom，sometimes，etc．）常放在动词之前，或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后。其中some- times也常置于句首。例如：
I have never been to America．
Sometimes he phones me，and sometimes he writes to me．
5．关于副词only的位置。only可以修饰名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词等，通常放在被修饰词之前。但是，当only放在动词之前时，句子可能有几种含义，这就得靠上下文的意思来正确理解。例如：
It was only an coincidence．
They only have coffee in the morning．（可以理解为：他们早上只喝咖啡。或：他们只在早上喝咖啡。）
注：（1）当程度副词与频度副词同时在句子中出现时，程度副词通常前置修饰频度副词。例如：
He hardly ever leaves his house all the day．
The president of our university is nearly always occupied．
（2）当时间、地点、程度与方式副词同时在句子中出现时，常把程度副词放在最前面，方式副词放在地点副词之前，时间副词放在最后。但是，句中动词是动态动词（go，come， leave，arrive， etc．）时，则常把地点副词放在方式副词之前。例如：
They performed pretty well in the city hall last night．
She went home quickly．
（3）可作定语的副词（如here，there，back， ahead，abroad，below，above，yesterday，before， etc．）通常放在被修饰名词之后。例如：
We will see a beautiful picture about the country in the years ahead．
The atmosphere here is seriously polluted．
1．时间副词（now，then，recently，soon， just now，right away，etc．）可以放在整个句子或从句之前或后，并通常放在句末。其中 then，recently可以放在动词之前；still常放在动词之前或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后；而yet常放于句末，并且句子常用否定形式。例如：
I'll then turn to my classmates for help．
When all the students finished the morning exercise，he was still asleep．
We haven't finished the work yet．
2．地点副词（here，there，down，anywhere，everywhere，inside，etc．）和方式副词（well，quickly，kindly，etc．）常放在宾语之后，或不及物动词之后。其中here，there，up，down等副词与不及物动词go，come，stand，walk， lie等词连用时，副词可置于句首。如句子主语是名词或名词短语时，句子需用完全倒装语序。例如：
There stands the tower．
Down came the rain．
We looked for the lost wallet here and there，but in vain．
3．程度副词（very，quite，almost，fairly， nearly，just，extremely，hardly，etc．）常放在被修饰词之前，但当very修饰动词时，常与 much连用并置于句末。例如：
I like her very much．
With one false movement，he nearly loses the whole game．
4．频度副词（ever，never，often，always， seldom，sometimes，etc．）常放在动词之前，或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后。其中some- times也常置于句首。例如：
I have never been to America．
Sometimes he phones me，and sometimes he writes to me．
5．关于副词only的位置。only可以修饰名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词等，通常放在被修饰词之前。但是，当only放在动词之前时，句子可能有几种含义，这就得靠上下文的意思来正确理解。例如：
It was only an coincidence．
They only have coffee in the morning．（可以理解为：他们早上只喝咖啡。或：他们只在早上喝咖啡。）
注：（1）当程度副词与频度副词同时在句子中出现时，程度副词通常前置修饰频度副词。例如：
He hardly ever leaves his house all the day．
The president of our university is nearly always occupied．
（2）当时间、地点、程度与方式副词同时在句子中出现时，常把程度副词放在最前面，方式副词放在地点副词之前，时间副词放在最后。但是，句中动词是动态动词（go，come， leave，arrive， etc．）时，则常把地点副词放在方式副词之前。例如：
They performed pretty well in the city hall last night．
She went home quickly．
（3）可作定语的副词（如here，there，back， ahead，abroad，below，above，yesterday，before， etc．）通常放在被修饰名词之后。例如：
We will see a beautiful picture about the country in the years ahead．
The atmosphere here is seriously polluted．
vendredi 8 avril 2011
gnuplot function
2. FUNCTIONS
In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or BASIC may be plotted. The precedence of operators is determined by the specifications of the C programming language.
The supported functions include:
__________________________________________________________
Function Returns
----------- ------------------------------------------
abs(x) absolute value of x, |x|
acos(x) arc-cosine of x
asin(x) arc-sine of x
atan(x) arc-tangent of x
cos(x) cosine of x, x is in radians.
cosh(x) hyperbolic cosine of x, x is in radians
erf(x) error function of x
exp(x) exponential function of x, base e
inverf(x) inverse error function of x
invnorm(x) inverse normal distribution of x
log(x) log of x, base e
log10(x) log of x, base 10
norm(x) normal Gaussian distribution function
rand(x) pseudo-random number generator
sgn(x) 1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x=0
sin(x) sine of x, x is in radians
sinh(x) hyperbolic sine of x, x is in radians
sqrt(x) the square root of x
tan(x) tangent of x, x is in radians
tanh(x) hyperbolic tangent of x, x is in radians
___________________________________________________________
Bessel, gamma, ibeta, igamma, and lgamma functions are also
supported. Many functions can take complex arguments.
Binary and unary operators are also supported.
The supported operators in Gnuplot are the same as the corresponding operators in the C programming language, except that most operators accept integer, real, and complex arguments. The ** operator (exponentiation) is supported as in FORTRAN. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. The variable names x, y, and z are used as the default independent variables.
In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or BASIC may be plotted. The precedence of operators is determined by the specifications of the C programming language.
The supported functions include:
__________________________________________________________
Function Returns
----------- ------------------------------------------
abs(x) absolute value of x, |x|
acos(x) arc-cosine of x
asin(x) arc-sine of x
atan(x) arc-tangent of x
cos(x) cosine of x, x is in radians.
cosh(x) hyperbolic cosine of x, x is in radians
erf(x) error function of x
exp(x) exponential function of x, base e
inverf(x) inverse error function of x
invnorm(x) inverse normal distribution of x
log(x) log of x, base e
log10(x) log of x, base 10
norm(x) normal Gaussian distribution function
rand(x) pseudo-random number generator
sgn(x) 1 if x > 0, -1 if x < 0, 0 if x=0
sin(x) sine of x, x is in radians
sinh(x) hyperbolic sine of x, x is in radians
sqrt(x) the square root of x
tan(x) tangent of x, x is in radians
tanh(x) hyperbolic tangent of x, x is in radians
___________________________________________________________
Bessel, gamma, ibeta, igamma, and lgamma functions are also
supported. Many functions can take complex arguments.
Binary and unary operators are also supported.
The supported operators in Gnuplot are the same as the corresponding operators in the C programming language, except that most operators accept integer, real, and complex arguments. The ** operator (exponentiation) is supported as in FORTRAN. Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. The variable names x, y, and z are used as the default independent variables.
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